VOICE CHANGE
Voice is the form of
the verb which indicates whether the subject does the work or something has
been done to it.
ক্রিয়া প্রকাশের ভঙ্গিমাকেই voice বা বাচ্য বলে।
ক্রিয়ার প্রকাশভঙ্গি বলে দেয় কর্তা কাজটি নিজে করছেন, না কর্তার দ্বারা কোন কাজ সম্পন্ন হচ্ছে।
অথবা Voice হলো verb এর গঠন যার দ্বারা subject নিজে কিছু করে বা অন্যের কাজ তার ওপর এসে পড়ে।
Types
of voice:
There are two types
of voice:
i. Active Voice
ii. Passive Voice
iii.
Quasi-Passive
--------------------ACTIVE VOICE----------------------
যে sentence এ subject নিজে সক্রিয় বা active হয়ে কাজ সম্পন্ন করে সে sentence এ verb এর Active voice হয়।
Structure:
Subject + verb + object.
Example: Rohit does the work.
-------------------PASSIVE
VOICE----------------------
যে sentence এ subject নিজে কাজটি করে না বরং object এর কাজটি তার ওপর এসে পড়ে তখন সে sentence এ verb এর passive voice হয়।
Structure:
Object + Helping Verb + Main Verb এর Past Participle+ by
(To/in/with/at)+ Subject.
Example: The work is done by Rohit.
--------------------- Quasi-Passive ------------------
Quasi-Passive voice is Active in form but Passive in sense.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
✓General
Rules :
a) Active
Voice এর subject টি Passive Voice এর object হয়ে যায়।
b) Active
voice এর object টি Passive Voice এর subject এ রূপান্তর হয়।
c) মূল Verb এর Past Participle হয় এবং subject ও tense অনুসারে Auxiliary Verb হয়।
✓Rules Regarding Tense:
|
Tense |
Indefinite |
Continuous |
Perfect |
|
Present |
am, is, are |
am being, is being, are being |
has been, have been |
|
Past |
was, were |
was being, were being |
had been |
|
Future |
shall be, will be |
--- |
shall have been, will have been |
-------------------------------------------------------------------
✓Examples :
a) Present Indefinite Tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive
voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + am/is/are + v3+
by + subject এর object.
Active – I play football.
Passive- Football is played by me.
Active- They eat rice.
Passive- Rice is eaten by them.
b) Present continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive
voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + am being/is
being/are being + v3+ by + subject এর object.
Active: I am playing football.
Passive: Football is being played by me.
Active: He is eating rice.
Passive: Rice is being eaten by him.
c) Present perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive
voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + have been/ has
been + v3+ by + subject এর object.
Active: He has eaten rice.
Passive: Rice has been eaten by him.
Active: I have played football.
Passive: Football has been played by me.
d) Past indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive
voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + was/were + v3+
by + subject এর object
Active: I ate rice.
Passive: Rice was eaten by me.
Active: They played football.
Passive: Football was played by them.
e) Past continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive
voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + was being/were being
+ v3+ by + subject এর object.
Active: I was eating rice.
Passive: rice was being eaten by me.
Active: They were catching fishes.
Passive: Fishes were being caught by them.
f) Past perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive
voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + had been + v3+
by + subject এর object.
Active: I had eaten rice.
Passive: Rice had been eaten by me.
Active: we had dug the cannel.
Passive: The cannel had been dug by us.
g) Future indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive
voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + shall be/will
be + v3+ by + subject এর object.
Active: I will eat rice.
Passive: Rice will be eaten by me.
Active: They will play football.
Passive: Football will be played by them.
h) Future continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive
voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + shall be
being/will be being + v3+ by + subject এর object.
Active: I shall be eating rice.
Passive: Rice will be being eaten by me.
Active: They will be playing football.
Passive: Football will be being played by them.
i) Future perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive
voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + shall have been
/will have been + v3+ by + subject এর object.
Active: I shall have eaten rice.
Passive: Rice will have been eaten by me.
Active: They will have caught the fish.
Passive: The fish will have been caught by them.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
✓Rules Regarding Modal :
May,might,shall, should, can, could, must,
ought to, going to etc. active voice কে passive
voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + modal + be + v3+ by + subject এর object.
Active: I may help you.
Passive: You may be helped by me.
Active: You must do the work.
Passive: The work must be done by you.
Active: we ought to obey our teachers.
Passive: our teachers ought to be obeyed by us.
Active: we are going to open a shop.
Passive: A shop is going to be opened by us.
------------------------------------------------
Voice Change of Imperative Sentence
------------------------------------------------
Imperative sentence এর active
voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
A) শুধু মাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Let + object এর subject + be + v3.
Active: close the door.
Passive: Let the door be closed.
Active: shut the window.
Passive: Let the window be shut.
B) Do not দিয়ে শুরু যুক্ত যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Let + not + object এর subject + be + v3.
Active: Do not close the door.
Passive: Let not the door be closed.
Active: Do not shut the window.
Passive: Let not the window be shut.
C) Let এর পর যদি কোন ব্যক্তিবাচক object (me, us, you, them, him, her)থাকে এবং তা যদি Imperative sentence হয়, তাহলে active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Let + object এর subject + be + v3 + by
+ ব্যক্তিবাচক object.
Active: Let me play football.
Passive: Let the football be played by me.
Active: Let us sing a song.
Passive: let a song be sung by us.
Active: Let him give the chance.
Passive: let the chance be given by him.
D) Never যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Let + not + object এর subject + ever + be + v3.
Active: Never tell a lie.
Passive: Let not a lie ever be told.
Active: Never go there.
Passive: Let not there ever be gone.
E) মূল verb এর পর যদি কোন ব্যক্তিবাচক object (me, us, you, them, him, her) থাকে এবং তা যদি Imperative sentence হয়, তাহলে active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Let + direct object টি বসবে (মূল verb এর পর যে object টি থাকে + be + v3 + for +ব্যক্তিবাচক object.
Active: Buy me a shirt.
Passive: Let a shirt be bought for me.
Active: Give me a glass of water.
Passive: Let a glass of water be given for me.
------------------------------------------------
Interrogative Sentence
------------------------------------------------
Interrogative sentence যুক্ত active voice কে passive
voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
A) Structure:
Steps:
i.Interrogative sentence
কে Assertive sentence এ রূপান্তর করে নিতে হবে
ii.রূপান্তরিত Assertive sentence এর active voice থেকে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে
iii.এবার রূপান্তরিত passive voice এর auxiliary verb টিকে প্রথমে বসাতে হবে
iv.শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।
*Tense অনুসারে করতে হবে।
Active:
Have you eaten rice?
Assertive: You have eaten rice.
Assertive এর passive: Rice has been eaten by you.
Passive এ রূপান্তর: Has rice been
eaten by you?
Active: Is he reading a book?
Assertive: He is reading a book.
Assertive এর passive: A book is being read by him.
Passive এ রূপান্তর: Is a book being read by
him?
Active: Did you play football?
Assertive: you played football.
Assertive এর passive: Football was played by you.
Passive এ রূপান্তর: Was football played by
you?
B) Who যুক্ত active voice কে passive
voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Steps:
i.Who এর পরিবর্তে By whom
ii.tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb
iii.object এর subject + অনেক সময় tense অনুযায়ী কর্তার পরে be/ being/ been বসাতে হয় + V3+ ?.
Active: Who is playing football?
Passive: BY whom is football being played?
Active: who will help me?
Passive: By whom will I be helped?
C) Whom যুক্ত active voice কে passive
voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Who + H.V. + M.V. + by+ Obj + rest + ?
Whom এর পরিবর্তে
who + tense ও person অনুযায়ী
Auxiliary verb + V3 + by + subject এর object +?
Active: Whom did you see on the road?
Passive: who was seen by you on the road?
Active: Whom has he murdered in this home?
Passive: Who is murdered by him in this home?
D) What যুক্ত active voice কে passive
voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
What + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + V3 + by
+ subject এর object +?
Active: What do you want?
Passive: What is wanted by you?
------------------------------------------------
Voice Change of Present Participle
------------------------------------------------
Subject + verb + object + present participle যুক্ত active voice কে passive
voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 +
present participle যুক্ত অংশটি + by + subject এর object.
Active: I saw him playing cricket.
Passive: He was seen playing cricket by me.
Active: I took him for my friend.
Passive: He was taken for my friend by me.
------------------------------------------------
Voice Change of Double
Objects
------------------------------------------------
Double object যুক্ত active voice কে passive
voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
দুইটা object এর যে কোন একটি subject করতে হয় (personal object কে subject এ রূপান্তর করলে ভাল) + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb +
v3+ প্রদত্ত বাকি object টি বসে + by + active voice এর subject টি object রুপে হয়।
Active: I gave him a flower.
Passive: He was given a flower by me.
Passive: A flower was given him by me.
Active: He teaches us math.
Passive: We are taught English by him.
Passive: English is taught us by him.
------------------------------------------------
Voice Change of Complex & Compound
------------------------------------------------
Complex and compound sentence যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Complex and compound sentence যুক্ত active voice এ রূপান্তরের সময় উভয় clause এর voice পরিবর্তন হয়। যতোগুলো Transitive Verb থাকবে সেগুলো পরিবর্তিত হবে |
Active: I know that he did the work.
Passive: It is known to me that the work was done by him.
Active: He told me that he had done the work.
Passive: I was told that the work had been done by him.
Note: Active voice “people say” দিয়ে শুরু হলে It is said দিয়ে passive voice করাই ভাল।
Active: people say that the lion is the king of
forest.
Passive: It is said that the lion is the lion is the king of forest.
------------------------------------------------
Voice Change of Intransitive Verb
------------------------------------------------
Intransitive verb যুক্ত
active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
সাধারনত Intransitive verb এর passive voice হয় না।
তবে Intransitive verb এর পরে
preposition যুক্ত হয়ে যদি group verb গঠন করে এবং তা Intransitive verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে –
Structure: Object টি subject + tense অনুযায়ী
Auxiliary verb + v3 + প্রদত্ত preposition + by + subject টির object।
Active: The truck run over the boy.
Passive: The boy was run over by the truck.
Active: They looked at the poor man.
Passive: The poor man was looked at by them.
------------------------------------------------
Voice Change of Cognate
Object
------------------------------------------------
Cognate object যুক্ত
active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Cognate object এর সংজ্ঞা – কিছু intransitive verb তাদের সমর্থক object নিয়ে transitive verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। এ ধরনের object কে Cognate object বলে।
Structure: Object টি subject + tense অনুযায়ী
Auxiliary verb + v3 + by + subject টির object।
Active: He caught a fish.
Passive: A fish was caught by him.
Active: You ran a race.
Passive: A race was run by you.
------------------------------------------------
Voice Change of Reflexive Object
------------------------------------------------
Reflexive object (myself, ourselves, yourselves,
yourself, themselves, himself, herself) যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Active voice subject টি অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় passive voice এর subject হিসেবে হবে + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 + by + Reflexive object বসবে।
Active: He hanged himself.
Passive: He was hanged by himself.
Active: You killed yourself.
Passive: You were killed by yourself.
------------------------------------------------
Voice Change
Of Factitive Verb
------------------------------------------------
Factitive object/Complementary object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Factitive object/Complementary object( select,
elect, nominate, make, call, name ইত্যাদি transitive verb থাকা সত্ত্বেও সম্পূর্ণ রুপে অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে না। পরিপূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করার জন্য অতিরিক্ত object আনতে হয়। এইরুপ অতিরিক্ত object কে Factitive object/
Complementary object বলে।
Structure:
নামবাচক object টির (me,
us, you, them, him, her) object টি subject হয়। + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 + Factitive object + by +
subject এর object।
Active: They made me captain.
Passive: I was made captain by them.
Active: we call him liar.
Passive: He is called liar by us.
------------------------------------------------
Voice Change Of Infinitive
------------------------------------------------
Infinitive যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
i.প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject
+ মূল verb + infinitive এর পরের object (যদি থাকে) + to be + infinitive এর পরের verb এর v3.
Active: He wants someone to take camera.
Passive: He wants camera to be taken.
Active: He wants you to write a letter.
Passive: He wants a letter to be written.
Agree, be anxious, arrange, determine, be
determined, decide, demand, + infinitive + object object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
ii.প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject
+ মূল verb + that + infinitive এর পরের + object + should be +
infinitive এর পরের verb এর v3.
Active: He decided to buy the house.
Passive: He decided that the house should be bought.
Active: you agreed to sell the house.
Passive: You agreed that the house should be sold.
-----------------------------------------------
Voice Change Of Gerund
-----------------------------------------------
Gerund combinations অর্থাৎ
advise/ propose/ recommend/ suggest + gerund + object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb
+ that + gerund এর পরের object টি + should be + প্রদত্ত gerund টি verb এ রূপান্তরিত হয়ে v3 বসে।
Active: He suggested giving up smoking.
Passive: He suggested that smoking should be given up.
Active: He wanted playing football.
Passive: He wanted that football should be played.
------------------------------------------------
Voice Change of Indefinite Pronoun
------------------------------------------------
One + should যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + should be + v3.
Active: One should take care of one’s education.
Passive: Education should be taken care of.
Active: One should tell the truth.
Passive: Truth should be told.
------------------------------------------------
Passive Without 'By'
------------------------------------------------
সাধারণত ব্যক্তির দ্বারা হলে by বসে এবং বস্তুর দ্বারা হলে with বসে।তাছাড়া কতগুলি verb আছে যাদের সাথে by না বসে অন্য preposition বসে।
----------------------------------------
Know verb এর সাথে to ; marry এর সাথে to; shock এর সাথে at; please এর সাথে with বসে।নীচে উদাহরণ দেখুন।
Active : I know the fact.
Passive : The fact is known to me (not, by me)
Active: Ram married sita.
Passive: Sita was married to Ram.( not ; by Ram)
Active : His conduct shocked me.
Passive : I was shocked at his conduct. (not, by his conduct)
Active : Light filled the room
Passive : The room was filled with light. (not, by light)
এখানে light বস্তু। তাই with হয়েছে।
Active : Her manners pleased us very much.
Passive : We were very much pleased with her manners.
Active : The novels of Tolstoy interest me
Passive : I am interested in the novels of Tolstoy (not, by the novels of
Tolstoy)
------------------------------------------------
SOME PECULIARITIES IN VOICE
------------------------------------------------
Active : One should keep one’s promise
Passive :A promise should be kept (by one – omitted)
Active : Someone has stolen my purse.
Passive : My purse has been stolen. (by someone –omitted)
Active : Circumstances obliged me to go
Passive : I was obliged to go (by circumstances –omitted)
Active : We can gain nothing without labour
Passive :Nothing can be gained without labour (by us –omitted)
Active : Why did they refuse him admittance?
Passive : Why was he refused
admittance? (by them – omitted)
Active : We should not encourage indiscipline
Passive :Indiscipline should not be encouraged. (by us- omitted)
Active : Mother looked after the boy (look after –
group verb)
Passive :They boy was looked after by mother (prep. ‘after’ of the gr.verb
retained)
Active : He has worked out the answer correctly.
(work out – group verb)
Passive :The answer has been correctly worked out by him.
Active : Someone built this building in 1990
Passive :This building was built in 1990. (by someone – omitted)
Active : Dr. Das presided over the meeting
Passive :The meeting was presided over by Dr.Das.
Active : People consider me honest
Passive :I am considered honest. (by people – omitted)
Active : We ought to help the poor
Passive :The poor ought to be helped by us.
Active : People believe that you know.
Passive :It is supposed that you know.
Active : We will not admit children under ten.
Passive :Children under ten will not be admitted by us.
Active : It is time to do your duty.
Passive :It is time for your duty to be done.
------------------------------------------------
QUASI – PASSIVE VOICE
------------------------------------------------
A Quasi-Passive voice is Active in form but
Passive in sense.
It may be changed in the Passive Form in the
following way:
i. Verbs with a Complement:
Active : Honey tastes sweet.
Passive :Honey is sweet when it is tasted.
Active : The rose smells sweet.
Passive : The rose is sweet when it is smelt.
Active : The stone feels rough.
Passive :The stone is rough when it is felt.
Active : This composition reads well.
Passive : This composition sounds well when it is read.
Active : Your blame counts for nothing.
Passive : Your blame is worth nothing when it is counted.
ii. Verbs without a Complement:
Active : The trumpets are sounding.
Passive :The trumpets are being sounded.
Active : The drums are beating.
Passive : The drums are being beaten.
Active : The cow is milking.
Passive : The cow is being milked.
Note :
‘The trumpets are sounding’ or ‘The drums are beating’ is quite good; but ‘The
cow is milking’ or ‘The cows are milking well’ [ A.L.D. – Horn by] is not so
common in use.
However the following Quasi-Passive Voice
cannot be changed into Passive forms:
A conch blows [ It expresses the quality of a
conch].
The room looks nice.
[ We cannot say, The room is nice when it is looked]
Rice sells cheap.
[ We cannot say, Rice is cheap when it is sold.]
------------------------------------------------